An innovative training model for interdisciplinary disaster response teams to safeguard cultural heritage and enhance disaster risk resilience

Abstract

Emergency preparedness in Cultural Heritage (CH) relies on Safeguard Plans and drills to ensure coordination among civil protection systems, security forces, and CH professionals, enabling rapid recovery of museums, archives, libraries, and temples after emergencies. This study strengthens CH resilience by proposing Art-Risk 4, a model for digitalizing Safeguard Plans via templates and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and assessing their real-world applicability. Tested in five emergency drills in Valencia, Madrid, and Antequera (Spain), simulating fire, earthquake, and flood scenarios, the platform enabled real-time implementation of response protocols and recording of response times. Observers evaluated the model using semi-structured templates, SWOT analysis, and the Technology Acceptance Model, considering training and experience. Results show Art-Risk 4's flexibility across diverse CH assets, with average rescue and triage times of 18 and 6 min. Team coordination was a key strength, while reduced capacity during technological failures was the main limitation. Findings highlight both the benefits of digital safeguarding and the need for redundant analog and digital systems.