Publication: El sistema defensivo de la costa caribeña de la Capitanía General de Guatemala y su mantenimiento en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
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Reichert, Rafal
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Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Abstract
A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, la amenaza británica procedente de Jamaica, así como desde Walis (actual Belice) -zona ocupada por cortadores de madera- junto con la actividad de contrabandistas asentados en Guanajas y la Mosquitia, puso en evidencia la incapacidad defensiva de la Capitanía General de Guatemala en su litoral caribeño. En respuesta, durante el siglo XVIII, las autoridades reales tanto en la metrópoli como en la Capitanía implementaron varias iniciativas para construir un sistema defensivo capaz de detener las invasiones británicas en la región. Con ello se promovieron las modificaciones de las fortificaciones existentes; se construyó una nueva, el castillo de San Fernando de Omoa, enclave estratégico para la defensa del Golfo de Honduras; se organizaron nuevos regimientos de tropa y milicias; y además se intentó a aumentaron los suministros de armas y municiones con el fin de elevar la capacidad defensiva de la Capitanía General de Guatemala que como muestra la historia se convirtió en un escenario de las guerras internacionales entre 1762 y 1783.
This article analyses the evolution of the defensive system on the Caribbean coast of the Captaincy General of Guatemala during the second half of the 18th century, focusing on the relationship between strategic planning and resource availability. The study employs a qualitative approach, combining the analysis of primary sources—military reports, projects, and fiscal records—with a critical review of the existing historiography. The findings demonstrate that despite the organisational efforts promoted by the Crown, defensive capacity was hindered by administrative, logistical, and human factors. In key garrisons such as Omoa, much of the weaponry was unserviceable, while gunpowder supplies had to cover the needs of not only the troops but also the Royal Navy, thereby undermining the fort’s operational effectiveness. These elements indicate a persistent gap between strategic planning and the material conditions of its implementation. The study concludes that the defensive system of the Guatemalan Captaincy was fragmentary and reactive, reflecting the inherent limitations of a peripheral frontier within the imperial Greater Caribbean.
This article analyses the evolution of the defensive system on the Caribbean coast of the Captaincy General of Guatemala during the second half of the 18th century, focusing on the relationship between strategic planning and resource availability. The study employs a qualitative approach, combining the analysis of primary sources—military reports, projects, and fiscal records—with a critical review of the existing historiography. The findings demonstrate that despite the organisational efforts promoted by the Crown, defensive capacity was hindered by administrative, logistical, and human factors. In key garrisons such as Omoa, much of the weaponry was unserviceable, while gunpowder supplies had to cover the needs of not only the troops but also the Royal Navy, thereby undermining the fort’s operational effectiveness. These elements indicate a persistent gap between strategic planning and the material conditions of its implementation. The study concludes that the defensive system of the Guatemalan Captaincy was fragmentary and reactive, reflecting the inherent limitations of a peripheral frontier within the imperial Greater Caribbean.
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Americanía: revista de estudios latinoamericanos de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, ISSN-e 2174-0178, Nº. 24, 2026, págs. 1-35




