Nanoparticles applied to stone buildings

Abstract

Stone has been widely used as a construction material since ancient times, and its preservation is crucial in historical and contemporary buildings. Biodeterioration and other alterations cause damage in stone monuments which leads to the need for repeated actions. Nanotechnology is increasing the development of new products for construction and restoration, and new treatments based on nanoparticles have been developed for stone conservation, such as biocides or consolidants. These treatments avoid the disadvantages of traditional products, such as limewater for consolidation or quaternary ammonium salts as biocides and fulfil some of the requirements demanded by cultural heritage, i.e., effectiveness, compatibility with the stone and its aesthetic values, and durability. This manuscript reviews some of the main advances in the development and application of nanoparticles as consolidants and biocides to treat stone cultural heritage.