Millán Tapia, Ana MaríaMillán, José MaríaCaçador-Rodrigues, Leonel2024-12-232024-12-232019-08Ana Millán & José María Millán & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues, 2020. "Disclosing ‘masked employees’ in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 461-474, August.10.1007/s11187-019-00245-7https://hdl.handle.net/10433/22163In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’, i.e., the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Self-employmentDependencyContracting outJob controlJob demandsJob outcomesEuropejournal articleopen access