López Sánchez, Ana DoloresMolina, JuliánLaguna, ManuelHernández-Díaz, Alfredo G.2025-01-212025-01-212020-07-2010.1111/exsy.12638https://hdl.handle.net/10433/22548In this paper, a new solution method is implemented to solve a bi-objective variant of the vehicle routing problem that appears in industry and environmental enterprises. The solution involves designing a set of routes for each day in a period, in which the service frequency is a decision variable. The proposed algorithm, a muti-start multiobjective local search algorithm (MSMLS), minimizes total emissions produced by all vehicles and maximizes the service quality measured as the number of times that a customer is visited by a vehicle in order to be served. The MSMLS is a neighbourhood-based metaheuristic that obtains high-quality solutions and that is capable of achieving better performance than other competitive algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is able to perform rapid movements thanks to the easy representation of the solutions.application/pdfenAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/FrequencyLocal searchMulti-start algorithmPeriodic vehicle routing problemProximate optimality principleService choicejournal articleopen access