Burke, AndrewLyalkov, SerhiyMillán Tapia, Ana MaríaMillán, José MaríaStel, André van2024-12-232024-12-232019-06Burke, A., Lyalkov, S., Millán, A. et al. How do country R&D change the allocation of self-employment across different types?. Small Bus Econ 56, 695–721 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00196-z10.1007/s11187-019-00196-zhttps://hdl.handle.net/10433/22162We investigate the impact of country R&D on the allocation of self-employment across different types, where types are identified based on occupational status and start-up motive. We first conduct a literature review based on which we consider the self-employed with employees to be of higher ‘quality’ (in terms of their overall contribution to the economy) compared to independent own-account workers, who in turn may be considered of higher ‘quality’ than dependent self-employed workers. Similarly, we also consider opportunity self-employed to be of higher ‘quality’ than necessity self-employed. Our empirical analysis then shows that the level of a country’s R&D expenditures increases the share of self-employed with employees and that of opportunity self-employed (i.e. the self-employment types associated with higher ‘quality’) at the cost of the shares of dependent self-employed and necessity self-employed. Higher R&D expenditures at the country level thus increase the quality of self-employment in the country.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Types of entrepreneurshipSelf-employmentR&DEuropean Working Conditions Surveyjournal articleopen access