RT Journal Article T1 3D Exploration and navigation with optimal-RRT planners for ground robots in indoor incidents A1 Pérez Higueras, Noé A1 Jardón, Alberto A1 Rodríguez, Ángel A1 Balaguer, Carlos K1 Mobile robotics K1 Search and rescue robots K1 Path planning K1 Navigation K1 Exploration K1 Point clouds AB Navigation and exploration in 3D environments is still a challenging task for autonomous robots that move on the ground. Robots for Search and Rescue missions must deal with unstructured and very complex scenarios. This paper presents a path planning system for navigation and exploration of ground robots in such situations. We use (unordered) point clouds as the main sensory input without building any explicit representation of the environment from them. These 3D points are employed as space samples by an Optimal-RRTplanner (RRT∗) to compute safe and efficient paths. The use of an objective function for path construction and the natural exploratory behaviour of the RRT∗ planner make it appropriate for the tasks. The approach is evaluated in different simulations showing the viability of autonomous navigation and exploration in complex 3D scenarios. PB MDPI YR 2019 FD 2019-12-30 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10433/25607 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10433/25607 LA en NO Sensors, 20(1), 220 NO Universidad Carlos III de Madrid DS RIO RD Apr 27, 2026