RT Journal Article
T1 Disclosing ‘masked employees’ in Europe: Job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’
A1 Millán Tapia, Ana María
A1 Millán, José María
A1 Caçador-Rodrigues, Leonel
K1 Self-employment
K1 Dependency
K1 Contracting out
K1 Job control
K1 Job demands
K1 Job outcomes
K1 Europe
AB In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’, i.e., the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both.
PB Springer
YR 2019
FD 2019-08
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10433/22163
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10433/22163
LA en
NO Ana Millán & José María Millán & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues, 2020. "Disclosing ‘masked employees’ in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 461-474, August.
NO Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad. Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
DS RIO
RD May 8, 2026