RT Journal Article
T1 Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests
A1 Romero de Ávila Torrijos, Diego
A1 Omay, Tolga
K1 Panel unit root tests
K1 Energy consumption convergence
K1 Nonlinearities
K1 Time-dependence
K1 State-dependence
K1 LSTR process
K1 ESTAR process
K1 AESTAR process
K1 Sign nonlinearity
K1 Size nonlinearity
K1 Structural breaks
K1 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
AB This paper investigates the existence of stochastic and deterministic convergence in per capita energy consumption among the countries forming four income-level groups and a full sample of 110 countries over the 1971–2019 period. For that purpose, we employ six state-of-the-art nonlinear panel unit root tests with nonlinear dynamics that range from state-dependent nonlinearities such as ESTAR, AESTAR and TAR dynamics to time-dependent nonlinearities of structural break form. We find consistent evidence supporting stochastic convergence among high-income and upper-middle-income countries according to two of the six panel tests. Concerning the stronger notion of deterministic convergence, three tests point to deterministic convergence among high-income countries, and only one supports this hypothesis among upper-middle-income countries. Lack of convergence across all country groups carries important policy implications concerning the achievement of SDG7 of the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that affects every single country in the planet.
PB Elsevier
YR 2022
FD 2022
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10433/20190
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10433/20190
LA en
NO Energy Economics, Volume 111, July 2022, 106062
NO This paper investigates the existence of stochastic and deterministic convergence in per capita energy consumption among the countries forming four income-level groups and a full sample of 110 countries over the 1971–2019 period. For that purpose, we employ six state-of-the-art nonlinear panel unit root tests with nonlinear dynamics that range from state-dependent nonlinearities such as ESTAR, AESTAR and TAR dynamics to time-dependent nonlinearities of structural break form. We find consistent evidence supporting stochastic convergence among high-income and upper-middle-income countries according to two of the six panel tests. Concerning the stronger notion of deterministic convergence, three tests point to deterministic convergence among high-income countries, and only one supports this hypothesis among upper-middle-income countries. Lack of convergence across all country groups carries important policy implications concerning the achievement of SDG7 of the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that affects every single country in the planet.Highlights• This paper investigates stochastic and deterministic convergence in per capita energy consumption around the world.• We employ six state-of-the-art nonlinear panel unit root tests with nonlinear dynamics.• They range from state-dependent nonlinearities to time-dependent nonlinearities of structural break form.• Two tests support stochastic convergence among high-income and upper-middle-income countries.• Three tests point to deterministic convergence among high-income countries, and only one among upper-middle-income countries.
NO Proyectos de investigaciónSpanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [grant number ECO2017–86780-R, AEI/FEDER, UE]Junta de Andalucía-FEDER [grants number I+D+i project P20_00808]Junta de Andalucía-FEDER [PAIDI SEJ-513]
NO Departamento de Economía, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide
DS RIO
RD May 6, 2026