RT Journal Article T1 University students’ digital competence in three areas of the DigCom 2.1 model: A comparative study at three European universities A1 López Meneses, Eloy A1 Sirignano, Fabrizio Manuel A1 Vázquez-Cano, Esteban A1 Ramírez-Hurtado, José Manuel K1 Higher education K1 Information and communication technology K1 DigCom 2.1 K1 Digital competence K1 Internet AB This study analysed the digital competence of 1,073 students at one Italian and two Spanish universities using the COBADI 2.0 (Basic Digital Competences/Registered Trademark 2970648) questionnaire. A quantitative methodology was applied to university students’ use of, and competence in, three areas of DigCom 2.1: information and data literacy, communication and collaboration, and digital content creation. The results showed that these future graduates had an upper intermediate level of competence in information and digital literacy, and communication and collaboration, but a lower intermediate level in terms of digital content creation, particularly in the creation and dissemination of multimedia content using different tools. Two student profiles were identified for time spent online: those who dedicated a lot of their time to gaming or interacting on social media, and those who used most of their online time to searching for information and completing academic work. YR 2020 FD 2020-01-30 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10433/16831 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10433/16831 LA en NO López-Meneses, E., Sirignano, F. M., Vázquez-Cano, E., & Ramírez-Hurtado, J. M. (2020). University students’ digital competence in three areas of the DigCom 2.1 model: A comparative study at three European universities. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(3), 69–88. NO Este estudio tiene su origen en la directriz establecida en la Innovación en Educación con TIC 2.0 en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, desarrollado en el marco de los proyectos de Innovación y Desarrollo en Educación organizados por la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla NO Departamento de Educación y Psicología Social DS RIO RD May 9, 2026