RT Journal Article
T1 Was the cold European winter of 2009/10 modified by anthropogenic climate change? An attribution study
A1 Christiansen, B.
A1 Hauser, M.
A1 Hempelmann, N.
A1 Klehmet, K.
A1 Lott, F.
A1 Nangini, C.
A1 van Oldenborgh, G.J.
A1 Orth, R.
A1 Stott, P.
A1 Tett, S.
A1 Vautard, R.
A1 Wilcox, L.
A1 Yiou, P.
A1 Álvarez Castro, María del Carmen
A1 Christidis, N.
A1 Ciavarella, A.
A1 Colfescu, I.
A1 Cowan, T.
A1 Eden, J.
A1 Hauser, M.
K1 Extreme events
K1 Winter/cool season
K1 Climate change
K1 Climate models
K1 Ensembles
K1 Trends
AB An attribution study has been performed to investigate the degree to which the unusually cold European winter of 2009/10 was modified by anthropogenic climate change. Two different methods have been included for the attribution: one based on large HadGEM3-A ensembles and one based on a statistical surrogate method. Both methods are evaluated by comparing simulated winter temperature means, trends, standard deviations, skewness, return periods, and 5% quantiles with observations. While the surrogate method performs well, HadGEM3-A in general underestimates the trend in winter by a factor of ⅔. It has a mean cold bias dominated by the mountainous regions and also underestimates the cold 5% quantile in many regions of Europe. Both methods show that the probability of experiencing a winter as cold as 2009/10 has been reduced by approximately a factor of 2 because of anthropogenic changes. The method based on HadGEM3-A ensembles gives somewhat larger changes than the surrogate method because of differences in the definition of the unperturbed climate. The results are based on two diagnostics: the coldest day in winter and the largest continuous area with temperatures colder than twice the local standard deviation. The results are not sensitive to the choice of bias correction except in the mountainous regions. Previous results regarding the behavior of the measures of the changed probability have been extended. The counterintuitive behavior for heavy-tailed distributions is found to hold for a range of measures and for events that become more rare in a changed climate.
PB AMS journals
YR 2018
FD 2018-05-01
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10433/23049
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10433/23049
LA en
NO Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Núm. 9, pp. 3387-3410
NO Departamento Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales
DS RIO
RD May 9, 2026