RT Journal Article
T1 Are CO2 Emissions Stationary After All? New Evidence from Nonlinear Unit Root Tests
A1 Romero de Ávila Torrijos, Diego
A1 Omay, Tolga
K1 CO2 emissions
K1 Nonlinearities
K1 Unit Root
K1 Time-dependence
K1 State-dependence
K1 LSTAR process
K1 ESTAR process
K1 AESTAR process
K1 Structural breaks
AB This study applies a large battery of state-of-the-art nonlinear unit root tests to examine the stationarity properties of carbon dioxide emission series for 28 industrialized countries, five BRICS and seven transition economies over a very long horizon, in some cases over more than two and a half centuries. The application of time-dependent and state-dependent nonlinear unit root tests separately provides mixed evidence regarding the time-series properties of CO2 emissions and a high degree of variability across the different tests. However, the use of hybrid nonlinear unit root tests, combining the presence of structural breaks with symmetric or asymmetric ESTAR adjustment, leads to the rejection of the unit root hypothesis in each of the countries under study with at least one of the hybrid tests. This has important climate policy implications.
PB Springer
YR 2022
FD 2022-05-15
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10433/20376
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10433/20376
LA en
NO Environmental Modeling & Assessment, Volume 27, pages 621–643, (2022).
NO This study applies a large battery of state-of-the-art nonlinear unit root tests to examine the stationarity properties of carbon dioxide emission series for 28 industrialized countries, five BRICS and seven transition economies over a very long horizon, in some cases over more than two and a half centuries. The application of time-dependent and state-dependent nonlinear unit root tests separately provides mixed evidence regarding the time-series properties of CO2 emissions and a high degree of variability across the different tests. However, the use of hybrid nonlinear unit root tests, combining the presence of structural breaks with symmetric or asymmetric ESTAR adjustment, leads to the rejection of the unit root hypothesis in each of the countries under study with at least one of the hybrid tests. This has important climate policy implications.
NO Proyectos de investigaciónSpanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [grant number ECO2017-86780-R, AEI/FEDER, UE]Junta de Andalucía [grants number I+D+i project P20_00808,  PAIDI SEJ-513]
NO This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09835-4
NO https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/28212https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/journal-policies
NO Departamento de Economía, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide
DS RIO
RD May 21, 2026