Phylogeny, systematics, and trait evolution of Carex section Glareosae

Abstract

The circumboreal Carex section Glareosae comprises 20–25 currently accepted species. High variability in geographic distribution, ecology, cytogenetics, and morphology has led to historical problems both in species delimitation and in circumscribing the limits of the section, which is one of the major tasks facing caricologists today. We performed phylogenetic reconstructions based on ETS, ITS, G3PDH, and m at K DNA sequences from 204 samples. Concatenation of gene regions in a supermatrix approach to phylogenetic reconstruction was compared to coalescent-based species-tree estimation. Ancestral state reconstructions were performed for eight morphological characters to evaluate correspondence between phylogeny and traits used in traditional classifi cation within the section. The results confi rm the existence of a core Glareosae comprising 23–25 species. Most species constitute exclusive lineages, and relationships among species are highly resolved with both the supermatrix and coalescent-based species-tree approaches. We used ancestral state reconstruction to investigate sources of homoplasy underlying traditional taxonomy and species circumscription. We found that even species apparently not constituting exclusive lineages are morphologically homogeneous, raising the question of whether paraphyly of species is a phylogenetic artifact in our study or evidence of widespread homoplasy in characters used to defi ne species. This study demonstrates the monophyly of C arex section G lareosae and establishes a phylogenetic framework for the section. Homoplasy makes many of morphological characters diffi cult to apply for taxon delimitation. The strong concordance between supermatrix and species-tree approaches to phylogenetic reconstructions suggests that even in the face of incongruence among molecular markers, section-level or species-level phylogenies in Carex are tractable.