Publication: Trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual: Análisis jurídico, criminológico y victimológico con enfoque de género
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Morente García, Raúl
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Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Abstract
La trata con fines de explotación sexual es una forma extrema de violencia de género, marcada por la coerción y la mercantilización de la vulnerabilidad humana. Se distingue del tráfico de personas por la fase de explotación obligada, y en España se agrava por la ambigüedad legal sobre la prostitución y la impunidad de la demanda masculina. Desde una perspectiva interseccional, la mayoría de las víctimas son mujeres migrantes en situación irregular, expuestas a doble victimización: por la explotación sufrida y por una respuesta institucional insuficiente o punitiva. Jurídicamente, el principio de no punición (art. 177 bis.11 CP) exime de responsabilidad penal actos cometidos bajo coacción, respaldado por el Protocolo de Palermo y la Directiva 2011/36/UE. Distintas sentencias consolidaron esta exención y la nulidad del consentimiento en prostitución forzada, reforzando el enfoque restaurativo, aplicando directamente la exención sin retrotraer actuaciones. No obstante, la STS 960/2023 impone un umbral probatorio excesivo que revierte derechos consolidados, omite la perspectiva de género y desconoce pruebas alternativas.
Sex trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is an extreme form of gender-based violence, characterized by coercion and the commodification of human vulnerability. It is distinguished from human smuggling by the phase of forced exploitation, and in Spain it is exacerbated by legal ambiguity surrounding prostitution and the impunity of male demand. From a intersectional perspective, most victims are irregular migrant women, exposed to double victimization: first, through the exploitation they endure; second, through an inadequate or punitive institutional response. Legally, the principle of non-punishment (Art. 177 bis.11 of the Criminal Code) exempts from criminal liability those acts committed under coercion, as supported by the Palermo Protocol and Directive 2011/36/EU. Various rulings consolidated this exemption and the nullity of consent in forced prostitution, reinforcing the restorative approach by directly applying the exemption without retroactive effect. However, the STS 960/2023 imposes an excessive evidentiary threshold that undermines established rights, omits a gender perspective, and disregards alternative forms of proof.
Sex trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is an extreme form of gender-based violence, characterized by coercion and the commodification of human vulnerability. It is distinguished from human smuggling by the phase of forced exploitation, and in Spain it is exacerbated by legal ambiguity surrounding prostitution and the impunity of male demand. From a intersectional perspective, most victims are irregular migrant women, exposed to double victimization: first, through the exploitation they endure; second, through an inadequate or punitive institutional response. Legally, the principle of non-punishment (Art. 177 bis.11 of the Criminal Code) exempts from criminal liability those acts committed under coercion, as supported by the Palermo Protocol and Directive 2011/36/EU. Various rulings consolidated this exemption and the nullity of consent in forced prostitution, reinforcing the restorative approach by directly applying the exemption without retroactive effect. However, the STS 960/2023 imposes an excessive evidentiary threshold that undermines established rights, omits a gender perspective, and disregards alternative forms of proof.
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Cuadernos de RES PUBLICA en derecho y criminología, ISSN-e 2990-0697, Nº. 7, 2026




